Use Conditional Probability to Calculate Intersections

The conditional probability of an event is the probability that an event A occurs given that another event B has already occurred. This type of probability is calculated by restricting the sample space that we’re working with to only the set B. The formula for conditional probability can be rewritten using some basic algebra. Instead of the formula: P(A | B) P(A ∠© B) /P( B ), we multiply both sides by P( B ) and obtain the equivalent formula: P(A | B) x P( B) P(A ∠© B). We can then use this formula to find the probability that two events occur by using the conditional probability. Use of Formula This version of the formula is most useful when we know the conditional probability of A given B as well as the probability of the event B. If this is the case, then we can calculate the probability of the intersection of A given B by simply multiplying two other probabilities. The probability of the intersection of two events is an important number because it is the probability that both events occur. Examples For our first example, suppose that we know the following values for probabilities: P(A | B) 0.8 and P( B ) 0.5. The probability P(A ∠© B) 0.8 x 0.5 0.4. While the above example shows how the formula works, it may not be the most illuminating as to how useful the above formula is. So we will consider another example. There is a high school with 400 students, of which 120 are male and 280 are female. Of the males, 60% are currently enrolled in a mathematics course. Of the females, 80% are currently enrolled in a mathematics course. What is the probability that a randomly selected student is a female who is enrolled in a mathematics course? Here we let F denote the event â€Å"Selected student is a female† and M the event â€Å"Selected student is enrolled in a mathematics course.† We need to determine the probability of the intersection of these two events, or P(M ∠© F). The above formula shows us that P(M ∠© F) P( M|F ) x P( F ). The probability that a female is selected is P( F ) 280/400 70%. The conditional probability that the student selected is enrolled in a mathematics course, given that a female has been selected is P( M|F ) 80%. We multiply these probabilities together and see that we have an 80% x 70% 56% probability of selecting a female student who is enrolled in a mathematics course. Test for Independence The above formula relating conditional probability and the probability of intersection gives us an easy way to tell if we are dealing with two independent events. Since events A and B are independent if P(A | B) P( A ), it follows from the above formula that events A and B are independent if and only if: P( A ) x P( B ) P(A ∠© B) So if we know that P( A ) 0.5, P( B ) 0.6 and P(A ∠© B) 0.2, without knowing anything else we can determine that these events are not independent. We know this because P( A ) x P( B ) 0.5 x 0.6 0.3.   This is not the probability of the intersection of A and B.

The Problem Of Social Cost - 1117 Words

The Problem of Social Cost The Problem of Social Cost by R.H. Coast is an article examining the economic problem of externalities. The example of externality is a firm’s smoke imposed negative effects on neighbor properties. The standard economic analysis such of the economic situation is generally defined in differences terms of private and social good followed by the treatment of Pigou Economic Welfare. The standard economic analysis results in achieving most of the economists desires to hold firms responsible for the harmful that caused to injury by the firm’s smoke, or applies tax on the firm to equivalent the money term of damage that caused, or even excludes the firm from the residential area. Coast argues that such of an economic analysis is inappropriate because it incurs unnecessary results or desires. The Reciprocal Nature of the problem The traditional analysis obscure the nature choices to be made, avoid the harm to one party would conflict harm to another. The traditional analysis tends to miss out the key features of externality that is reciprocal nature. The reciprocal nature indicates that the externality is not simply result of one party’s action, but rather result of both parties’ combine actions. Similarly, either party can prevent the damage. For instance, Cattle damages crops of adjacent farmer, so cattle raiser can fence property or farmer leaves the land uncultivated. Economic optimal is maximize the joint value of outputs of both parties byShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Social Cost925 Words   |  4 Pages In 1960 Ronald Coase published an essay called, â€Å"The Problem of Social Cost†. In this essay he discussed many things that have made it one of the most quoted essays in economic and law arguments. 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Advocacy for Seniors Free Essays

Deborah Casino-Dears Advocacy is defined as a person who advocates on the behalf of an individual or a group. The advocate provides the client support at helping the client resolve issues that affects his or hers daily life (Barky, 2007). Advocating for seniors with Alchemist’s that face issues with their, health and overall wellbeing. We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy for Seniors or any similar topic only for you Order Now This disease threatens millions of lives every day. The disease not only affects the patient but the Emily of the patient as well (Alchemist’s Association, n. D. ). The affect can be mentally as well as financially. As advocate you stay on top of policies and legislation issues and help elevate the cause. It is one of the diseases that does not get the attention it so richly deserves (Alchemist’s Association, n. D. ). When advocating for seniors there a wide variety of issues confronting those with Alchemist’s such as housing, finding the right caregiver, medical concerns, and social issues. One of the plans is to decide tit the family if the patient has family how to take of this task (Alchemist’s Association, n. D. ). My plan would be to first find agencies and resources, to discuss the plan with an altercate expert and explain my concerns for the client. A decision must be made on whether the client is able to remain home with family and a caregiver or be moved to an assisted living resident that is suited for Alchemist’s patients Whether at home or in a senior facility plans must be made carefully. Issues that might occur are things such as finances, a caring and experienced caregiver, gal decisions, and if at home the daily living safeties are very important. There are other issues like transportation to a from the doctor’s office, or maybe finding an adult daycare. The daycare is a facility where the patient could get involved daily activities that can help with stimulation of the brain along with the medications that he or she is taking. I would also help create a plan with the family, such group sessions, reading material, or online classes on how to care for their love one. These activities that I mention with the help of love ones can delay the disease process. When my mother was diagnosed with Alchemist’s, the family received the help needed, first by making sure she took the cognitive test to see what stage she was in , she was then prescribe the medication she needed, and the resources for the family to deal with the changes that would occur. We received monthly phone calls, brochures on what to look for at each stage of the disease, and Just making sure that we were getting the help we needed. How to cite Advocacy for Seniors, Papers

Resident Return Visas Application

Question: What is the process of "Resident Return Visas Application". Answer: The Australians right to re-enter back into their country after travelling overseas is limited to the fact they must get certification before entry. This is so despite one having been a permanent resident of the country. This should be stipulated in their current visa before they depart. A period of five years is allowed a permanent resident for n Australian right to travel outside of the country commencing the date of approval of visa. The situation whereby the visa lacks the relevant information or was approved way years, the requirement to have a resident return visa before they are granted permission to come back home beyond six . Resident Return visa. A Resident Return Subclass 155 visa is specifically for five or one year Resident Return visa. With the approval of Subclass 155 visa, an Australian permanent resident is able to maintain or regain his status as a permanent resident Australian. There is no limitation as to the number of times an Australian Permanent resident holding a valid Subclass 155 visa can leave and reenter Australia. This will not have an effect on the state of permanent residence. There are recognized conditions that should be fulfilled to be granted the subclass 155 visa and these conditions require a person to be a permanent resident of Australian, an Australian citizen who had initially lost his citizenship by renouncing it. The subclass 155 visa contains five years and one year travel provisions Five year travel provisions include a requirement for an individual applying for a subclass 155 visa to be physically available in Australia for minimum period of twenty four months in the past period of five years. Proof of permanent residency or citizenship is mandatory during those years. Provision for one year travel requires that individuals applying for a subclass 155 visa who does not qualify for a five year travel provision are required to show that they own a substantial business, cultural, employment or personal ties that are of value and help to the Australians. Additionally, the individual making the application must prove that he been present in Australia for more than consecutive five years for one to qualify for a subclass 155 visa with a requirement of a one year travel. For those applying from outside Australia, there are relevant provisions in regard to the application process. The Code of Conduct as stipulated by the Migration Agents Regulationsof 1998 are contained in Statutory Rules No.53,1998 made under the Migration Act 1958. This code of conduct objectives involve the establishment of professional conditions to ensure standard and quality character by a registered migration agent by legislating on the minimum attributes and abilities that a person must demonstrate to perform as a registered migration agent under the Code. The code stipulates that for an individual to be granted the permission to act as a registered migration agent, he must be of sound mind and proper character and be able to offer information regarding immigration issues, and be an individual integrity. There is a requirement for an individual to have knowledge on the stipulations relating to Migration Act and Migration Regulations, including other provisions related to migration procedures and processes, necessary required to offer relevant and satisfactory information to his customer, including information relating to the completion and filling of the forms of application. Furthermore, the agent is advised to undergo a continuing professional development program provided in the Migration Agents Regulations1998. The besides the performance of his duties and responsibilities diligently and transparently, he is required to be able and willing to deal fairly with clients, acquire enough knowledge of business procedure to conduct business as a registered migration agent. He is required to be familiar with the process of keeping records and file management and to accordingly manage and maintain the records of his clients. The code of conduct further provides for a list of responsibilities of a registered migration agent to a client, to his employee and the Commonwealth and its agencies. It also stipulates the necessary conditions for a healthy relationship between registered migration agents. It establishes procedures necessary for allocating charges and fees by registered migration agents, stipulates basic standards necessary for ideal system of office administration, provides for registered migration agent accountability to the client and also help resolve disputes between a registered migration agent and a client. Section 2.1 provides that a registered migration agent is required to act in accordance with the law. Instances where an agent operates from another country other than Australia, he is required to observe the relevant legislation of that respective country, act within the legitimate interests of his or her client and maintain a competent, diligent and fair relationship with the clients. An agent will not be required to comply with the code if the legislation of that country does not require an agent to comply with the code. Section 2.3 requires a migration agent to portray professionalism by ensuring that he is equipped with sound working knowledge of the Migration Act and Migration Regulations, and other provisions relevant to migration procedure, and be able to provide accurate and timely advice and information. Acknowledgement by a registered migration agent of his clients reliance on his information, knowledge and experience, is expected by virtue of Section 2.4 A. The provision for the migration agent to consider objective criteria and conditions under the Migration Act when making an application is entrenched under Section 2.7 of the Act. He is advised to ensure transparency about the chances and prospects of a clients application success during the application period. A registered migration agent is barred from making information that in the normal cause of his functions, he is required to know that the information is not correct, (section 2.9). The registered migration agent will be liable for a breach when it is proved that by action or omission, he acted in a way as to deceive or without relevant information to the Authority under Section 2.9 A. Section 2.20, A registered migration agent is required to confirm on the relevant charges and fees relating to the visa application process under the Migration Act or the Migration Regulations, provide the client with documented advice in relation to the same. A registered migration agent must take all reasonable steps to maintain the reputation and integrity of the migration advice profession Section 2.23. References Migration Agents Regulations1998 Migration Act 1958.